Shakespeare's Richard II Careful analysis of John Locke's Two Treatises of Government reveals the author's fairly rigid attitude towards the constitution, right and responsibilities of a political state. When applying Locke's well defined principles to Henry Bolingbroke's overthrow of Richard II for rights to the throne of England in the late 14th century in Shakespeare's Richard II, several parallel situations are found which Locke primarily refers to in a hypothetical sense. When examining Shakespeare's work from an erudite perspective, one may perceive that in many ways, Bolingbroke and Richard II's struggle for power -- along with the surrounding circumstances of the political state and the lot of its commoners -- actually mirror several circumstances which Locke portrays in his book. By interpreting the events in Shakespeare's drama through the mandates outlined in Two Treatises of Government, it becomes apparent that Locke would have willingly sanctioned Bolingbroke's usurpation of the throne as much as he would have that of anyone.

The pivotal factor which decides this point is Richard II's relationship with his subjects, who have been increasingly neglected by the monarch on a host of fronts. Richard II is far from an ideal king; his selection of counselors is fairly imprudent, his attentions are focused more on foreign affairs than those domestic, and he is decidedly impecunious, as the following quote -- in which the king speaks of journeying to Ireland for war -- readily indicates.

"…our coffers, with too great a court

And liberal largess, are grown somewhat light,

We are enforced to farm our royal realm,

The revenue wherof shall furnish us

For our affairs in hand (Act I, scene IV, lines 43-48)."

Richard II's domestic negligence and improper treatment of his subjects is evidenced in the preceding passage. Due to his own prodigal spending habits (denoted...

Such a passage is highly indicative of Richard II's reign, and a source of unrest for many of his subjects.
When the present legislative body fails to meet the needs of its people, Locke unequivocally advocates the summoning of a new legislative body. If war and insurrection is required to bring about this change, then Locke recommends both military means and its subsequent violence. Although the author reiterates this viewpoint several times in the second treatise of Two Treatises of Government, he perhaps does so most convincingly in the following quotation from the third chapter. "…where an appeal to the Law, and constituted Judge lies open, but the remedy is deny'd by a manifest perverting of Justice, and a barefaced wresting of the Laws…there it is hard to imagine any thing but a state of War (p.281)."

Several components of this quotation parallel Richard II's relationship with his subjects. As king of England, he most certainly embodies the physical manifestation of "the Law," and his selfish taxing of the people to accommodate his own monetary habits may certainly be considered a "wresting" of law and a "perverting of Justice." His negligence of domestic affairs in favor of frivolous foreign pursuits can be similarly categorized. But the most important part of this passage occurs near its completion, in which Locke states that such unjust, perverse government justifies a "state of War," which applies to Richard II's negligence and justifies civil war to remove him from the throne. Only by doing so can true lawfulness and justice…